This article clarifies the commonplace assumption that brands make promises by developing definitions of brand promise delivery. Distinguishing between clear and fuzzy brand promises, we develop definitions of what it is for a brand to deliver on fuzzy functional, symbolic, and experiential promises. We argue (a) that brands deliver fuzzy functional promises through encouraging and facilita…
This article compares the behavior of special district governments to that of general purpose governments, using as an empirical example the performance of US airports. The authors estimate a modified McFadden symmetric generalized cost function, specified to distinguish technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of airports governed by each institutional form. Using a unique data set …